Spelling Outcomes
|
Spelling Words in order of Instruction
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rules of Pronunciation, Spelling, and Language
RULES EXPLANATION AND INSTRUCTIONAL TIPS
Rule Page 1 (Rules 1—7)
1. The letter q is always followed by u and together they say kw (queen). The u is not considered a vowel here.
2.
The letter
c before e, i, or y says s (cent, city, cycle),
but followed by any other letter says k (cat, cot,
cut).
The c is not numbered and the abbreviation for rule
2 is not written in student
notebooks because the letter following c identifies the
sound.
3.
The letter
g before e, i, or y may say
/ (page, giant,
gym), but
followed by any other letter says g (gate, go,
gust). The letters e and i following g do not always
make the g say
j (get, girl,
give).
The g is not
numbered and the abbreviation for rule 3 is not written
in student
notebooks.
4.
Vowels a,
e, o, and u usually say
a,
è, ö, and
ü at the end of a
syllable (na vy, me, o pen, mu sic).
This rule helps students pronounce the vowel
correctly in unfamiliar vowel- consonant-vowel (vcv)
words (re port).
5. The letters i and y usually say I (big, gym), but may say i (si lent, my, type).
6. The letter y, not i, is used at the end of an English word (my).
7. There are five kinds of silent final e’s. (In short words such as me, she, and he, the e says ë, but in longer words where a single e appears at the end, the e is silent.
Rule Page 2 (Rule 8)
8. There are five spellings for the sound er. The phonogram or may say er when it follows w (work).
Page 3 (Rules 9—10)
9. For one-syllable words that have one vowel and end in one consonant (hop), write another final consonant (hop + ped) before adding endings that begin with a vowel. (Referring to rule 9 as the one-one-one rule helps students remember the criteria for applying the rule. This rule does not apply to words ending in x because x has two sounds.)
10. Words of two syllables (begin) in which the second syllable (gin) is accented and ends in one consonant, with one vowel before it, need another final consonant (be gin’ + ning) before adding an ending that begins with a vowel. (Refer to rule 10 as the two-one-one rule. This rule is applied more consistently in American English than in British English.)
Rule Page 4 (Rule 11)
11. Words ending with a silent final e (come) are written without the e when adding an ending that begins with a vowel.
Rule Page 5 (Rule 12)
12. After c we use ei (receive). If we say a, we use ei (vein). In the list of exceptions, we use ei. In all other words, the phonogram ie is used.
Rule Page 6 (Rules 13—16)
13. The phonogram sh is used at the beginning or end of a base word (she, dish), at the end of a syllable (fin ish), but never at the beginning of a syllable after the first one except for the ending ship (wor ship, friend ship).
14. The phonograms ti, si, and ci are the spellings most frequently used to say sh at the beginning of a second or subsequent syllable in a base word (na tion, ses sion, fa cial).
15. The phonogram si is used to say sh when the syllable before it ends in an s (ses sion) or when the base word has an s where the base word changes (tense, ten sion).
16. The phonogram Si may also say zh as in vi sion
Additional Rules (Rules 17—29)
17. We often double 1, f, and s following a single vowel at the end of a one-syllable word (will, off, miss). Rule 17 sometimes applies to two-syllable words like recess. While reading the word (e.g., will) for spelling, students say the extra consonant sound (e.g., w ill).
18.
We often
use ay to say
a at end of a
base word, never a alone.
Students just say the sound
a.
19. Vowels i and o may say i and ö if followed by two consonants (find, old).
20. The letter s never follows x. The phonogram x includes an s sound (ks).
21. All, written alone, has two l’s, but when written with another syllable, only one 1 is written (al so, al most).
22.
Till
and full,
written alone, have two l’s, but when written with
another syllable, only one 1 is written (un til, beau
ti ful).
Students also need practice explaining how the
addition of these endings changes word meanings and
usage.
23. The phonogram dge may be used only after a single vowel that says ã, ë, i, ö, or (badge, edge, bridge, lodge, budge).
24.
When adding
an ending to a word that ends with a consonant and y,
use i instead of y unless the ending is ing.
Students also need
practice explaining how the addition of these endings
changes word meanings and usage (plurals of nouns:
baby/babies;
verb tense:
try/tried).
25. The phonogram ck may be used only after a single vowel that says a, , i, ó, or ü (back, neck, lick, rock, duck).
26.
Words that
are the names or titles of people, places, books, days,
or months are capitalized (Mary,
Initially, students
need to explain their use of capitals so they do not use
them indiscriminately.
27. Words beginning with the sound z are always spelled with z, never s (zoo).
28. The phonogram ed has three sounds and is used to form the past tense of verbs. If the verb ends in the sound d or t, adding ed makes another syllable that says ed (hand ed, land ed, paint ed, plant ed). If the verb ends in an unvoiced consonant, the ending ed says t (looked, liked, jumped, washed). In all other verbs, the ending ed says d (lived, killed, played, belonged).
29.
Words are usually divided between double
consonants within a base word. For speaking and reading,
only the consonant in the accented syllable is
pronounced; the consonant in the unaccented syllable is
silent (lit’le).
During dictation of words in sections A—H, focus
only on having students pronounce both consonants to
spell the words correctly. When reading words for
spelling, students sound both consonants, but in
speaking or reading, they say the consonant only in the
accented syllable. When reading words for reading, be
sure students read double-consonant words correctly
(lit’ le, a count’, o cur’, e fect’, a rive’, of’ i cer).
70 Sounds to Learn (Phonograms)
